狗病知识：病毒和上呼吸道症状

trd328

第一次犬在澳大利亚10年前购买了。海外的环境和香港和内地有很大的不同.

的第二个狗（ 哈斯基）我在香港购买。
这也是我第一次遇见犬瘟热。2个月后的治疗哈斯基已死了.

我的第三个狗 (萨摩耶)，感染了冠状病毒.
        
我的第四个狗 (萨摩耶), 感染了虚弱的细小病毒.

小病毒, 冠状病毒, 犬瘟

有上呼吸道症状和腹泻.

所以有时混合病毒和禽流感是很难区分。

下面的信息包括病毒和上呼吸道症状，可以影响犬，尤其是小狗.
        
希望这些信息，有利于新的狗主人. 最重要的一点是要你带狗去医生一旦发现症状。不要试图省钱。它不会省您的狗的生命.

我的中文不是很好，所以我使用的是在网线翻译以下页面，抱歉 :Smilies16

[ 本帖最后由 trd328 于 2009-2-10 17:04 编辑 ]

trd328

预防上呼吸道感染犬

Introduction导言

Upper respiratory infections can be prevented throughvaccines and quarantine measures.上呼吸道感染是可以预防的疫苗和检疫措施。Strong immune systems that are supported by good nutrition anddiet can help to ward off, or less the effects of, upper respiratoryinfections.强大的免疫系统所支持的良好的营养和饮食可以帮助抵御或减少的影响，上呼吸道感染。

Preventing Upper Respiratory Infections预防上呼吸道感染

Vaccination疫苗接种

Respiratory infections that are caused by caninedistemper virus and bordetella virus can be prevented through propervaccination procedures.呼吸道感染造成的犬瘟热病毒和禽病毒是可以预防的，通过适当的疫苗接种程序。All puppies and dogs should be vaccinated against caninedistemper.所有的小狗和狗应接种犬瘟热。Dogs that are boarded or come into contact with other dogsshould be vaccinated against bordetella.狗，是登上或接触其他的狗应接种百日咳。Dogs that are vaccinated against bordetella may still becomeinfected with some bordetella strains, but the vaccination reducesthe severity and longevity of theillness.狗是接种百日咳仍有可能感染一些博德特株，但疫苗的严重程度降低和寿命的疾病。

Cleaning Measures清洗措施

Upper respiratory infections can also be prevented byusing recommended disinfecting and quarantinemeasures.上呼吸道感染也可避免使用建议消毒和检疫措施。Pet shops and shelters need to take measures to prevent thespread of contagious upper respiratoryinfections.宠物店和收容所需要采取措施以防止扩散传染上呼吸道感染。These measures include disinfecting all kennels and food andwater bowls, keeping new dogs and puppies quarantined until theirhealth can be assured, and using airway systems that deter the spreadof respiratoryinfections.这些措施包括消毒所有的狗和食物和水的碗，保持新的狗和小狗隔离，直到他们的健康能够得到保证，并使用系统，阻止呼吸道传播的呼吸道感染。

Pet owners can help to prevent upper respiratoryinfection through isolating newly adopted dogs or puppies that arerecently adopted for at least a week before they come into contactwith other dogs in the household, or by adopting puppies and dogsthat have already received bordetella and distempervaccinations.宠物主人可以帮助防止上呼吸道感染，通过孤立新近通过的狗或小狗是最近通过的在至少一星期前他们接触到与其他狗的家庭，或者通过小狗和狗，已经收到了百日咳和犬瘟热接种疫苗。

Healthy Diet and Lifestyle健康的饮食和生活方式

Dogs that have strong immune systems can often fightoff upper respiratory infections on their own withouttreatment.狗，有强烈的免疫系统往往可以对抗上呼吸道感染自己在没有接受治疗。A nutritious diet, plenty of exercise, and a happyenvironment, will help to keep a dog’s immune system strong andhealthy.了有营养的膳食，充足的锻炼，和一个快乐的环境，将有助于保持狗的免疫系统强健。As puppies are particularly susceptible to upper respiratoryinfections, any puppies that show symptoms of these infections shouldbe quarantined immediately from other puppies anddogs.正如小狗特别容易受到上呼吸道感染，任何小狗，表明这些感染症状，应立即隔离，其他的小狗和狗。

症状上呼吸道感染Introduction导言

Upper respiratory infection symptoms in dogs generallyinclude sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, and pawing at the noseand face.上呼吸道感染症状的狗一般包括打喷嚏，咳嗽，鼻分泌物，并pawing在鼻子和脸上。Symptoms such as fever, difficulty breathing, lethargy, andloss of appetite may occur in severe or progressive upper respiratoryinfections.症状，如发烧，呼吸困难，嗜睡，食欲不振和可能发生的严重或逐步上呼吸道感染。

Symptoms of Upper RespiratoryInfections in Dogs症状的上呼吸道感染犬

Bordetella Virus百日咳病毒

Upper respiratory infections that are caused by bordetella infections generally cause a deep, hollow, sounding cough in addition to sneezing, snorting, and gagging.上呼吸道感染所导致的禽感染了深刻的普遍原因，空心，探空除了咳嗽打喷嚏，鼻，和gagging。 The cough may become severe when the dog is excited or engaging in physical activity.咳嗽严重时，可能会成为狗很高兴，不从事体力活动。Symptoms usually begin 3-5 days after the dog has been exposed to the virus or bacteria which is causing the infection, and the symptoms can last anywhere from a few days to a few weeks.症状开始之后的3-5天的狗已经被暴露在病毒或细菌引起的感染，症状可以持续时间从几天到几个星期。

Canine Influenza Virus犬流感病毒

If an upper respiratory infection is caused by the canine influenza virus, symptoms can include coughing and thick green discharge from the nose.如果上呼吸道感染引起的犬流感病毒，症状包括咳嗽和厚厚的绿色放电从鼻子。These symptoms may last anywhere from 10-30days.这些症状可能会持续时间从10-30天。

Canine Distemper犬瘟热

If an upper respiratory infection is caused by canine distemper, symptoms such as difficulty breathing, paralysis,vomiting, diarrhea, and seizures willoccur.如果上呼吸道感染引起的犬瘟热，症状，如呼吸困难，麻痹，呕吐，腹泻，并会出现癫痫发作。

Secondary Bacterial Infections继发性细菌感染

If secondary bacterial infections, such as pneumonia,occur in the event of an upper respiratory infection, symptoms can become quite severe.如果继发性细菌感染，肺炎等，发生在发生上呼吸道感染，症状可以变得相当严重。Dogs with pneumonia may have difficulty breathing, they mayhave trouble getting up or they may refuse to participate inactivities.犬肺炎可能有呼吸困难，他们可能遇到麻烦，或他们可能拒绝参加活动。They may also have a reduced appetite and afever.它们也可能降低食欲和发烧。

URI Caused by Parasites由寄生虫引起的URI

Upper respiratory infections that are caused by lungflukes cause a deep cough to develop.上呼吸道感染所导致的肺吸虫引起了深刻的咳嗽发展。Canine nasal mites can cause upper respiratory infection symptoms which include: pawing at the nose, sneezing, reverse sneezing, head shaking, and a runny nose.犬鼻螨可引起上呼吸道感染症状，其中包括：pawing在鼻子，打喷嚏，扭转打喷嚏，摇头，和流鼻涕。

诊断上呼吸道感染

Introduction导言

Upper respiratory infections in dogs are most often diagnosed by the symptoms that are present.上呼吸道感染的狗是最常见的诊断的症状也存在着分歧。In some cases, additional tests may be conducted to rule out or confirm the cause of the symptoms.在某些情况下，更多的可能是进行测试，以排除或确认的原因症状。

Diagnosing URI in Dogs诊断的URI犬

When a dog comes into a veterinary clinic presentingsymptoms of an upper respiratory infection, the veterinarian willperform a physical examination and ask about the dog’shistory.当狗进入兽医临床症状的上呼吸道感染，兽医将进行身体检查和询问有关狗的历史。Dogs that are unvaccinated against bordetella, have recentlybeen boarded or in contact with other dogs, and dogs that haverecently been adopted from shelters and pet shops, are all at anincreased risk for developing upper respiratoryinfections.狗，是未接受疫苗接种对百日咳，最近已登上或与其他狗，狗，最近已通过了由住房和宠物店，都在发展中国家的风险增加上呼吸道感染。If the dog’s physical examination and history point towardsan upper respiratory infection, then it can be assumed that the doghas this type of infection.如果狗的身体检查和历史的角度对上呼吸道感染，那么可以认为，狗有这种类型的感染。

In some cases, additional tests may be prescribed inorder to rule out additional causes of the symptoms or to see if theupper respiratory infection has progressed to include secondarybacterialinfections.在某些情况下，额外的测试可予订明，以排除其他原因的症状，或看看上呼吸道感染取得了进展，包括继发性细菌感染。Blood tests are used to check for underlying medicalconditions and infections, heartworm tests are used to rule outheartworm infections as a cause of coughing, and x-rays may be usedto check the condition of the lungs andtrachea.血液测试是用来检查基本医疗条件和感染，心测试是用来排除心丝虫感染，引起咳嗽，和X-射线可以用来检查的情况肺部及气管。Lung flukes that cause upper respiratory infections arediagnosed through fecal tests, and canine nasal mites are diagnosedbased upon the dog’s symptoms and a physicalexamination.龙吸虫导致上呼吸道感染的诊断测试通过粪便和鼻腔螨犬被诊断依据狗的症状和身体检查。

Extensive tests, such as branchoalveolar lavage, can beused to culture cells within the upper respiratoryairways.广泛的测试，如branchoalveolar灌洗，可用于培养细胞内的上呼吸道航空公司。These cultures can be used to check for specific types ofbacteria or viruses.这些文化可以用来检查为特定类型的细菌或病毒。In most cases, these tests are only performed if a dog is experiencing upper respiratory infections that have remained unresolved and unresponsive to treatments.在大多数情况下，这些试验只会如果狗正在经历上呼吸道感染有没有得到解决和回应治疗。

治疗上呼吸道感染犬

Introduction导言

Supportive care and therapies are the main treatmentoptions for upper respiratory infections indogs.支持护理和治疗是主要治疗方法为上呼吸道感染的实验研究。If the infection is caused by bacteria, antibiotic treatmentsare prescribed.如果感染是因细菌感染，抗生素治疗的处方。Upper respiratory infections that are the result of parasitesare treated using anti-parasitic medications.上呼吸道感染是由于寄生虫的待遇用抗寄生虫的药物。

Treating URI in Dogs治疗犬的

URISupportive Therapies支持疗法

Viruses can cause upper respiratory infections that arerelated to canine influenza infections, distemper, and bordetellainfections.病毒可能会导致上呼吸道感染有关的重要犬染上流行性感冒，犬瘟热，和百日咳感染。Antibiotic therapies are not effective against these viruses,and in most cases supportive care is the most effective treatment.抗生素的治疗效果不理想对这些病毒，在大多数情况下支持治疗是最有效的治疗。Supportive therapies include good nutrition and supplements,keeping the dog in a hygienic and comfortable environment, and reducing the dog’s stress levels.支持疗法包括良好的营养和补充，使狗在卫生和舒适的环境，减少狗的压力水平。As these viruses are highly contagious, most veterinarians prefer that the owner treats their dog at home.由于这些病毒具有高度传染性，大多数兽医宁愿老板对待他们的狗在家里。

Medication药物

Symptoms such as coughing and inflammation can betreated using anti-inflammatory medications such as corticosteroidsand coughing medications such ashydrocodone.症状，如咳嗽，炎症可以治疗用消炎药物，如类固醇和咳嗽的药物，如hydrocodone。 In cases where the dog ishaving troubles breathing, bronchodilators may beprescribed.的情况下，狗是有困难的呼吸，支气管扩张剂可予订明。Antibiotic therapies are prescribed if secondary bacterialinfections develop.抗生素疗法处方如果继发性细菌感染的发展。These secondary infections can include infections in the nasalpassages and pneumonia.这些继发感染可包括感染在鼻腔通道和肺炎。

If a respiratory infection is caused by lung flukes orcanine nasal mites, a course of anti-parasitic medications areprescribed.如果呼吸道感染引起的肺吸虫或犬鼻螨，课程杀伤寄生虫药物的处方。Canine nasal mites can be difficult to treat, and there arecurrently no drugs approved for the treatment of thesemites.犬鼻螨可能难以处理，目前还没有药物获准用于治疗这些螨。Many veterinarians use ivermectin and milbemycin oxime as anoff label use of this product.许多兽医使用伊维菌素和杀螨菌素肟作为一个关闭标签使用本产品。

Caring for Your Dog DuringTreatment照顾你的狗在治疗过程中

Since most upper respiratory infections are treated athome, pet owners will need to take the role of nurse to theirdog.由于大多数上呼吸道感染的治疗，家庭，宠物主人将需要护士的作用，以他们的狗。Good nursing care includes making sure the dog has plenty offresh water, helping the dog to eat if its appetite is low, keepingthe dog in a quiet and comfortable environment, and wiping off anydischarge that collects around the dog’s nose andmuzzle.良好的护理，包括确保狗有足够的水，帮助狗吃，如果其食欲低下，使狗在一个安静和舒适的环境，并去除任何狗的鼻子和口排放，。

[ 本帖最后由 trd328 于 2009-2-10 16:37 编辑 ]

绥化市霸王犬业

ding:Smilies52

trd328

什么是犬瘟热？

Overview概览
Canine Distemper, caused by the morbillivirus (a paramyxovirus), causes respiratory, digestive, and nervous system signs in affected dogs, and can be fatal in about half of unvaccinated dogs.犬瘟热，麻疹病毒引起的（ 1副） ，原因呼吸，消化和神经系统的影响狗的迹象，并可能是致命的大约一半未接受疫苗接种的狗。
Recovered dogs may have permanent damage to their nervous system.收回狗可能永久破坏其中枢神经系统。 The chronic form of the disease can lead to hard pad disease, a chronic thickening of foot pads, and encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain.慢性疾病可能导致硬垫疾病，慢性增厚足垫，和脑炎，发炎大脑。 Some dogs that acquire the virus show no signs or very mild signs, but can easily infect other susceptible dogs.有些狗，获得病毒没有出现或非常温和的迹象，但可以很容易感染其他易感犬。 Unvaccinated dogs are at a 350 fold increased risk of contracting this highly contagious disease which is spread by discharges from the nose and eyes of infected dogs.未接受疫苗接种的狗正处在一个350倍的风险增加承包这个高度传染性疾病传播的是排放的鼻子和眼睛感染的狗。

Causes of Canine Distemper原因犬瘟热
Transmission of the Canine Distemper virus occurs via an aerosol-droplet route, direct contact, or possibly by contact with contaminated objects.传播犬瘟热病毒出现通过气溶胶液滴的路线，直接接触，或可能的接触受到污染的物体。
It is uncertain whether carrier or unapparent infections exist.目前尚不能确定是否承运人或不明显的感染存在。 The virus is shed in the feces and urine of infected individuals and some evidence exists for transplacental transmission.该病毒是下跌中的粪便和尿液的感染者和一些证据存在transplacental传输。 The usual route of infection is through the upper respiratory tract, following inhalation of infective virus.通常的病毒的传播途径是通过上呼吸道，吸入后感染病毒。 Occasionally infection occurs from ingestion of infective material.偶尔有发生感染吞食感染性材料。 Following entry into the upper respiratory tract, the virus is spread to the tonsils and lymph nodes, where viral replication occurs.下面进入上呼吸道病毒蔓延到扁桃体和淋巴结肿大，在病毒复制发生。 The virus then enters the blood stream where it is transported to epithelial cells throughout the body, including the intestinal and respiratory tract.该病毒然后会进入血液而被运送到上皮细胞在体内，其中包括肠道及呼吸道。

诊断犬瘟热
Presumptive diagnosis is based on clinical signs, the demonstration of inclusion bodies in neutrophils on blood smear and inclusion bodies in conjunctival smears.推定诊断是根据临床症状，表现出的中性粒细胞包涵体的血涂片和包涵体结膜涂片。 Definitive diagnosis is based on laboratory analysis of affected tissues by fluorescent antibody techniques.明确诊断是根据实验室分析影响组织的荧光抗体技术。 In wild carnivores, the presenting signs are often neurological and the disease must be differentiated from rabies and other encephalitides.在野生食肉动物，在提出的迹象往往是神经系统和疾病必须是有区别的狂犬病和其他encephalitides 。

Other diseases which may mimic distemper include:其他疾病的可能模仿犬瘟热包括：
   Tularemia兔热病
   Listeriosis李斯特氏菌
   Chastek's paralysis Chastek的瘫痪
   Histoplasmosis组织胞浆菌病
   Poisonings中毒

Preventing Canine Distemper预防犬瘟热

No treatment other than supportive care exists for canine distemper. 不接受任何治疗的辅助治疗以外存在犬瘟热。
Control of canine distemper outbreaks includes:控制犬瘟热疫情包括：
Removal of carcasses of animals which have died from the disease清除动物的尸体已死于这种疾病
Vaccination of susceptible domestic species to decrease the number of susceptible hosts疫苗接种的易感国内物种减少易感主机
Reduction in wildlife populations which also reduces the number of potential hosts野生动物种群减少也降低了一些潜在的东道主
The virus is inactivated by heat, formalin, and Roccal R.该病毒是由热灭活，福尔马林，并Roccal. R

治疗犬瘟热
Canine distemper is caused by an aggressive virus that attacks the central nervous, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems of an infected dog.犬瘟热是侵略所造成的病毒攻击中枢神经，呼吸，和胃肠系统受感染的狗。 Canine distemper causes a multitude of symptoms including fever, depression, loss of appetite, weight loss, discharge from the eyes and nose, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory problems, sensitivity to light, sound, and touch, muscle twitches, paralysis, confusion, and seizures.犬瘟热引起的多种症状，如发烧，抑郁，食欲不振，体重减轻，放电的眼睛和鼻子，呕吐，腹泻，呼吸困难，灵敏度声，光，触摸，肌肉twitches ，瘫痪，混乱，癫痫发作。 Distemper is most often diagnosed in puppies, but unvaccinated dogs of all ages are at risk of contracting the virus if they are exposed to it.犬瘟热是最常见的诊断小狗，但是未接受疫苗接种的狗所有年龄有可能感染病毒如果接触到它。
One of the most disheartening facts surrounding canine distemper is that the prognosis is poor.其中最令人沮丧的事实犬瘟热是，预后较差。 The virus is particularly lethal in puppies; older dogs with stronger immune systems can sometimes survive, but even their chances of survival are low.该病毒是特别致命的小狗;老年犬较强的免疫系统有时可以存活，但是，即使他们的生存机会很低。 Even though prognosis is poor, there are some supportive treatments that can help to increase a dog’s chances of surviving this dreaded disease; these treatments can also help to calm the devastating symptoms and help the dog to feel much more comfortable.虽然预后不佳，有一些支持疗法，可以帮助增加狗的机会尚存这一可怕的疾病;这些疗法还可以帮助平息破坏性的症状，并帮助狗感到更加舒适。
Supportive therapies include antibiotics to address secondary bacterial infections that develop as a result of the virus; intravenous fluids are given to combat dehydration and shock.支持疗法包括抗生素处理继发性细菌感染发展所造成的病毒;静脉注射液给予打击脱水和休克。 Medications for vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea are administered as needed.药物呕吐，恶心和腹泻的管理需要。 Anti-seizure medications are administered as well, and the dog is often sedated to help address pain issues.反没收药品的管理以及和狗常常是镇静剂，以帮助解决疼痛问题。 During this time hospitalization is essential; treatment at home is impossible due to the amount of expertise needed to care for the dog.在这段时间住院是必不可少的;治疗在家里是不可能的，由于专业知识的经费需要照顾狗。
Dogs which recover from distemper can shed the virus for months after they are well; these dogs should be kept away from all other dogs for a period of time after they recover.狗只恢复犬瘟热病毒可以摆脱了几个月后，井;这些狗应该远离所有其他狗一段时间后，他们收回。 All areas that the dog has come into contact with need to be thoroughly disinfected.所有领域的狗接触到需要进行彻底消毒。

trd328

犬细小病毒是什么？


Introduction导言
Canine parvovirus, also known as parvo, is a type of virus that affects domestic and wild dogs, coyotes, foxes, and wolves.犬细小病毒，也被称为细小，是一种病毒，影响到国内和野狗，郊狼，狐狸和狼。 This virus is highly contagious, and it is one of the most dreaded diseases for those who own puppies.这种病毒具有高度传染性的，它是一个最可怕的疾病的人谁自己的小狗。 While adult dogs can become infected with canine parvovirus and carry the virus without showing symptoms, the virus can be particularly vicious when it attacks younger dogs and puppies.虽然成年犬可以感染犬细小病毒和携带病毒而不显示症状，病毒可能特别恶毒的攻击时，年轻的狗和小狗。
Canine parvovirus was unheard of before the late 1970s.犬细小病毒是闻所未闻的前20世纪70年代末。 Although no one knows yet exactly where canine parvovirus came from, the most popular theory is that the virus mutated from feline panleukopenia.虽然没有人知道确切位置尚未来自犬细小病毒，最流行的理论是，这种病毒变异的猫泛白细胞减少症。 There are different forms of the virus, and some strains are more aggressive than others.有不同形式的病毒，有些菌株比别人更积极。 Canine parvovirus is a very hardy virus, and this is one of the reasons that parvovirus is so dangerous.犬细小病毒是一个非常坚强的病毒，这是一个原因，细小病毒非常危险。 The virus can live in the environment and soils for months, and continue to infect canines.该病毒可以住在环境和土壤里，并继续感染犬。

How Dogs Become Infected with Parvo如何感染犬细小
The virus can only affect a dog, or puppy, if they ingest the virus.该病毒只能影响到狗，或小狗，如果它们吸收的病毒。 Once the virus is ingested, it travels to the lymph nodes in the throat and begins to replicate.一旦病毒进入人体，它前往淋巴结的喉咙，并开始推广。 Within 48 hours, the now large population of parvovirus is released from the lymph nodes and travels to bone marrow and intestinal cells.在48小时内，现在人口众多的细小病毒是从淋巴结和前往骨髓和肠细胞。 After the virus has reached these areas, it attacks the immune system and GI tract.该病毒已在这些领域达成的，它攻击人体免疫系统和胃肠道。

Prognosis for Dogs with Parvo预后犬细小
It generally takes 3-7 days from the start of infection for symptoms of parvovirus to appear.通常需要3-7天从一开始的感染症状，细小病毒出现。 If treatment is not begun in time, the chances of survival quickly decrease.如果治疗不开始的时候，生存机会迅速减少。 Puppies will generally not survive parvovirus without treatment, but in some cases adult dogs with healthy immune symptoms can conquer parvovirus without treatment and develop some antibodies to the disease.小狗一般不会在没有接受治疗的生存细小，但在某些情况下，成年犬健康免疫症状可以征服细小病毒在没有接受治疗的和发展的一些抗体，这种疾病。
If you notice any symptoms of parvovirus in your dog or puppy, take your pet to a veterinarian or emergency clinic immediately.如果您发现任何症状，细小病毒在您的狗或小狗，是否你的宠物到兽医或紧急诊所立即。 Prompt treatment can increase a puppy or dog’s chances of survival.及时治疗可以提高幼犬或狗的生存机会。 If you have a dog or puppy that has been diagnosed with parvovirus, purchase a disinfectant from your veterinarian to ensure that no parvovirus survives in your home or yard.如果您有狗或小狗已被确诊为细小病毒，购买消毒剂从您的兽医，以确保没有细小病毒存活在您的家中或院子里。


原因及预防犬细小病毒

Introduction导言
Parovirus, an aggressive and deadly virus, is particularly dangerous to young dogs, puppies, or dogs with compromised immune systems. Parovirus ，积极的和致命的病毒，是特别危险的年轻的狗，小狗，或狗的免疫系统。 This virus acts fast to attack the immune system and intestines, and if proper treatment is not begun in a timely manner the virus can be fatal.此病毒行为的快速攻击的免疫系统和肠道，如果适当的治疗是没有开始及时的病毒可能是致命的。 Even with aggressive treatments, many puppies and dogs every year die from parvovirus.即使有积极的治疗，许多小狗和狗，每年死于细小病毒。 In addition, treatments generally require at least a 5 day hospital and the veterinary bill can add up fast.此外，治疗通常需要至少五天医院和兽医的法案可以增加的速度非常快。 Knowing what causes this disease, and how to prevent it, can help pet owners and their pets avoid a parvovirus catastrophe.知道是什么原因导致这种疾病，以及如何防止它，可以帮助宠物主人和他们的宠物避免细小病毒灾难。

Causes of Parvovirus in Dogs原因在犬细小病毒
Parvovirus is spread through the feces of an infected dog or puppy.细小病毒是通过粪便传播的受感染的狗或小狗。 Much like the salmonella virus, a microscopic drop of infected feces has the potential to spread the virus far and wide.像沙门氏菌病毒，受感染的微观下降粪便有可能传播病毒甚广。 Parvovirus can survive for years in the environment as well, and infected feces have the ability to contaminate soil for many years to come.细小病毒可以存活多年的环境，以及和感染有能力粪便污染土壤在今后许多年。 Once a puppy or dog accidentally ingests the virus, infection occurs.一旦小狗无意中摄取或狗的病毒，感染的发生。

Preventing Parvovirus in Dogs预防犬细小病毒

Vaccination is by far the best prevention method for parvovirus.接种疫苗是目前最好的预防方法细小。 Parvovirus vaccine begins at 6-8 weeks of age.细小病毒疫苗始于6-8周龄。 The puppy is then given at least two more parvovirus vaccination series at 3-4 week intervals.小狗，然后给出了至少两个以上的一系列细小病毒疫苗在3-4周的间隔。 In some cases a fourth vaccination series is given.在某些情况下，四分之一是由于疫苗接种系列。 Adult dogs that have never been vaccinated before receive two vaccinations with a three week period in between the first and second vaccination.成人的狗，从来没有接种疫苗之前，收到了两个三周时期之间的第一次和第二次疫苗接种。
A once a year, or once every three year, vaccination is then given for the remainder of the dog’s life.一年一次，或每隔三年，接种疫苗，然后给出了其余的狗的生命。 Improper vaccination will result in incomplete immunity.不当的疫苗接种会导致不完全的豁免权。 This is why it is so important to follow the vaccination guidelines scheduled by your veterinarian.这就是为什么如此重要的接种遵循的指导方针定为您的兽医。
Due to the fact that parvovirus can survive so long in the environment, proper cleaning and disinfecting of all areas where the virus may be is necessary to prevent infecting other dogs and puppies in the area.由于细小病毒能够生存这么长时间的环境中，适当的清洁和消毒的所有领域，病毒可能是必要的，以防止感染其他狗和小狗在该地区。 Chlorine bleach, (1 ounce of bleach to 32 ounces of water), or potassium peroxymonosulfate disinfectant are the two most recommended disinfectants for parvovirus.含氯漂白剂， （ 1盎司的漂白至32盎司的水） ，或钾peroxymonosulfate消毒剂是两个最建议消毒剂的细小病毒。

症状与犬细小病毒的类型

Introduction导言

There are three different types of parvovirus which affects dogs, but all three of these strains cause the same types of symptoms to develop.有三种不同类型的犬细小病毒影响，但所有这三个株引起的症状相同类型的发展。Each of these strains are highly contagious, and in most cases they attack puppies and young dogs.所有这些菌株具有高度传染性的，而且在多数情况下，他们的攻击幼犬和青年犬。Once symptoms appear, immediate treatments need tobegin.一旦症状出现，必须立即开始治疗。With timely and aggressive treatments, the survival rate ofpuppies and young dogs drasticallyincreases.提供及时的和积极的治疗，存活率幼犬和青年犬大幅度增加。

Types of Canine Parvovirus犬细小病毒的类型

Parvovirus was first discovered in1967.细小病毒是首次发现于1967年。The initial virus, named CPV-1, only affected newbornpuppies.最初的病毒，命名为志愿军-1 ，不仅影响到新生儿的小狗。Then in the late 1970s, a more virulent and aggressive strainof parvovirus began to attack older puppies and youngerdogs.然后在20世纪70年代末，一个更恶毒的和侵略性的应变细小病毒开始攻击老年人和年轻人狗小狗。This virus was different from the original 1967 strain, and itwas named CPV-2.这种病毒是不同的从原来的1967株，并命名为志愿军-2 。 There are now three known strains of CPV-2 parvovirus: CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c.现在有三个已知株志愿军-2病毒：越共- 2A火箭，越共-2b干扰素，以及越共-2C型。

CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c越共-2A火箭，越共- 2b干扰素，以及越共-2C型

The CPV-2a virus was a more virulent and aggressive virus which mutated from the original CPV-2 virus.越共-2A型病毒是一种更致命的和侵略性的病毒变异从原来的志愿军-2病毒。 CPV-2b is the strain of parvovirus that most pet owners need to vaccinate against today.越共-2b干扰素是应变细小，多数宠物主人需要接种疫苗，对今天。This has been the most prevalent form of parvovirus.这一直是最普遍的形式细小。The latest type of parvovirus, CPV-2c was discovered in2000.最新型的细小病毒-2C型是2000年发现。This virus has the ability to infect cats if they have not received their feline distemper vaccination, though this type of infection in cats is very rare.这种病毒能够感染猫如果他们还没有收到他们的猫科动物犬瘟热疫苗，但这种类型的感染的猫科动物是非常罕见。Newer forms of parvovirus vaccines have been created forincreased effectiveness against parvovirusstrains.较新形式的细小病毒疫苗已建立了加强对细小病毒株效力。

Symptoms of Canine Parvovirus症

状犬细小病毒

Symptoms of parvovirus can begin between 4 and 14 daysafter the initial infection.症状，细小病毒可以开始4至14天内，在最初的感染。The most common symptoms of parvovirus are vomiting and diarrhea.最常见的症状细小的呕吐和腹泻。Many puppies and young dogs infected with parvovirus quickly develop such severe vomiting that they are unable to hold down evensmall sips of water.许多幼犬和青年犬细小病毒感染快速发展这种严重呕吐，他们无法按住即使是小规模的小口的水。As the parvovirus attacks the lining of the intestines, the lining dies and is excreted in the diarrhea.由于细小病毒攻击衬砌肠道，衬砌死亡和排泄的腹泻。As a result, the severe watery diarrhea often becomes bloody and has a gel like appearance.其结果是，严重的腹泻往往成为血腥和具有凝胶样外观。In addition to vomiting and diarrhea, infected puppies or dogswith parvovirus may also display severe lethargy or depression and alack of appetite.除了呕吐和腹泻，感染幼犬或犬细小病毒可能还显示严重嗜睡或抑郁和食欲不振。

If you notice any of these symptoms in your puppy, ordog, go a veterinarian or emergency medical clinicimmediately.如果您发现任何这些症状在您的小狗，或狗，请兽医或紧急医疗诊所立即。

治疗犬细小病毒

Introduction导言

Parvovirus is a dreadful and highly contagious diseasethat requires immediate attention.细小病毒是一种可怕的高度传染性疾病，需要立即引起注意。Adult dogs rarely show symptoms of the disease unless their immune system is stressed.成年犬很少显示疾病症状，除非他们的免疫系统是强调。Dogs that are less than 6 months of age are the ones who experience the most traumatic effects of the disease.狗少于6个月的年龄是那些经验最谁造成的巨大创伤的疾病。If left untreated, parvovirus generally causes death in younger dogs.如果不及时治疗，细小病毒通常造成死亡的年轻的狗。Fortunately there are treatments available for parvovirus.幸好有治疗可用于细小。These treatments are highly effective, especially if they are administered as soon as symptoms develop.这些治疗是非常有效的，特别是如果他们的管理尽快症状发展。

Treating Canine Parvovirus治疗犬细小病毒

The treatments for parvovirus focus on calming the symptoms and providing supportive care so that the dog may recover.细小病毒的治疗重点是平静的症状，并提供支持服务，使狗可能恢复。The single most important treatment therapy of parvovirus is fluid treatment.最重要的单一治疗是治疗的细小液治疗。Dogs suffering from parvovirus are often dangerously dehydrated due to the severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrheal symptoms that the virus causes.犬细小病毒遭受往往是危险的脱水由于严重恶心，呕吐和腹泻症状，病毒的原因。Intravenous fluids with electrolytes and sometimes sugar are usually administered on a controlled drip for at least 3days.静脉注射液与电解质，有时糖通常的管理控制滴灌，至少持续3天。No food, water, or medication is given through the mouth in order to calm the stomach and stop the repeated gag, vomiting, anddiarrhea cycle.没有食物，水或药物是通过口腔，以平静的腹部和制止重复插科打诨，呕吐和腹泻周期。Anti-nausea drugs such as metoclopramide orchlorpromazine are administered through theIV抗恶心药物，如胃复安或氯丙嗪管理通过四

Secondary bacterial infections such as sepsis that arise due to parvo infection are treated through intravenous antibiotics.继发性细菌感染，如败血症出现由于细小病毒治疗，通过静脉注射抗生素治疗。The more popular intravenous antibiotic for this treatment iscefazolin .较受欢迎的静脉注射抗生素治疗，此药。 The expensive cefoxitin antibiotic is usually reserved for puppies that are extremely ill.昂贵的头孢西丁抗生素通常是保留给小狗是极其虐待。If damage to the esophagus from repeated vomiting is suspected, injectable antacids such as Tagament or Pepcid aregiven.如果损害食道反复呕吐怀疑，注射制酸剂，如Tagament或Pepcid给出。

Additional support and treatment for parvovirus can include anti-inflammatory drugs such as banamine to address sepsis and shock, septi-serum antibodies to battle bacteria in the GItract, and the hormone neupogen which can stimulate white blood cells.更多的支持和治疗细小病毒可以包含体抗炎药，如banamine处理败血症及休克，隔，血清抗体的战斗中的细菌胃肠道，和激素neupogen可以刺激白血球。These additional treatments are not used by every veterinarianas they are very expensive and they can sometimes cause additionalreactions, though they are an option that may be considered if thedog is extremelyill.这些增加的疗法没有被每个兽医因为它们是非常昂贵的，他们有时可能会造成额外的反应，但它们是一种选择可以考虑，如果狗是非常虐待。

It is important for dogs infected with parvovirus to betreated in a veterinary hospital.重要的是，犬细小病毒感染的权利，对待他们的兽医院。If treatment is begun intime, their chances of survival are approximately75-85%.如果治疗开始的时间，他们的生存机会是大约75-85％ 。

[ 本帖最后由 trd328 于 2009-2-10 16:54 编辑 ]

trd328

Corona virus犬冠状病毒

犬冠状病毒（病毒）是第二大病毒引起的腹泻的小狗与犬细小病毒的领导人。 Unlike Parvovirus, Coronavirus infections are not generally associated with high death rates.与细小病毒，冠状病毒感染者一般不与高死亡率。 Canine Coronavirus is not new to the canine population; it has been known to exist for decades.犬冠状病毒并不是一个新的犬人口;已经知道存在了几十年。 Most domestic dogs, especially adults, have measurable Coronavirus antibody titers indicating that they were exposed to canine Coronavirus at some time in their life.大多数国内的狗，尤其是成年人，具有可衡量的冠状病毒抗体 ，表明他们暴露于犬冠状病毒在一段时间内他们的生活。 Its importance as an infectious disease and killer of dogs has probably been overestimated by vaccine manufacturers and some veterinary authorities.它的重要性作为传染病和杀手的狗很可能被高估的疫苗生产商和一些兽医部门。

Canine Coronavirus is a single stranded RNA type of virus with a fatty protective coating.犬冠状病毒是一种单链RNA病毒的类型与脂肪保护层。 Because the virus is covered in a fatty membrane, it is relatively easily inactivated with detergent and solvent-type disinfectants.由于病毒是覆盖着脂肪膜，这是相对容易灭活与洗涤剂和溶剂型消毒剂。 It is spread by virus shedding in the feces of infected dogs.它是传播的病毒脱落粪便中感染犬。

What are the symptoms? 有什么症状？

The primary symptom associated with canine Coronavirus is diarrhea.主要症状与犬冠状病毒是腹泻。 As with most infectious diseases, young puppies are more affected than adults.如同大多数的传染病，年轻小狗更影响比成年人。 Unlike Parvovirus, vomiting is not common.与细小病毒，呕吐并不常见。 The diarrhea tends to be less profuse than that associated with Parvovirus infections.腹泻往往是不太丰富的比与细小病毒感染。 Although canine Coronavirus is generally thought of as a milder cause of diarrhea than Parvovirus, there is absolutely no way to differentiate the two without laboratory testing.虽然犬冠状病毒通常认为是一种比较温和的原因腹泻超过细小，绝对没有办法区分这两个没有化验。 Both Parvovirus and Coronavirus cause the same appearing diarrhea with an identical odor.这两个细小病毒和冠状病毒引起同样出现腹泻相同的气味。 The diarrhea associated with Coronavirus usually lasts several days with low mortality.腹泻相关的冠状病毒通常持续数天，低死亡率。 To complicate the diagnosis, many puppies with a severe intestinal upset (enteritis) are affected by both Coronavirus and Parvovirus simultaneously.复杂的诊断，许多小狗严重不适（肠炎）受两个病毒和细小病毒同时进行。 Mortality rates in puppies simultaneously infected may approach 90 percent.小狗死亡率可同时感染百分之九十。

What are the risks? 有哪些风险？

As previously stated, canine Coronavirus has been widespread among the canine population for many years.如前所述，犬冠状病毒已普遍犬人口多年。 Many dogs, especially adults, are either naturally immune and not susceptible, or develop a very mild, oftentimes unnoticeable, case of the disease.许多狗，尤其是成年人，不是自然免疫和不容易，或制定一个非常温和的，往往不明显，如果这种疾病。 Puppies less than twelve weeks of age are at the greatest risk and some especially weaker ones will die if exposed and infected.小狗不到十二个星期的年龄是最大的风险和一些特别弱将死于如果接触和感染。 Most puppies, however, will recover after several days of mild to severe diarrhea.最小狗，但是，将恢复后数天的轻微到严重腹泻。

What is the management? 什么是管理？

As with canine Parvovirus, there is no specific treatment for canine Coronavirus.与犬细小病毒，但没有具体的治疗犬冠状病毒。 It is very important to keep the patient, especially puppies, from developing dehydration.这是非常重要的病人，特别是小狗，来自发展中国家的脱水。 Water must be force fed or specially prepared fluids can be administered under the skin (subcutaneously) and/or intravenously to prevent dehydration.水必须迫使美联储或专门准备的溶剂可管理的皮肤（皮下）和/或静脉注射，以防止脱水。

Vaccines are available to protect puppies and adults of all ages against canine Coronavirus.提供疫苗，以保护小狗和所有年龄的成年人对犬冠状病毒。 In areas where canine Coronavirus is prevalent, dogs and puppies should remain current on Coronavirus vaccinations beginning at or about six weeks of age.地方犬冠状病毒流行，狗和小狗应保持目前的冠状病毒疫苗或即将开始在六个星期的年龄。 Sanitation with commercial disinfectants is highly effective and should be practiced in breeding, grooming, kennel housing, and hospital situations.卫生与商业消毒剂是非常有效的，应当实行育种，培育，犬舍住房，和医院的情况。

学生

呵呵 楼主辛苦了 有时间多联系下国语 语句不太通顺 :Smilies54

trd328

我离开香港时是4岁的离开了21年。
我的普通话老师放弃了我3年后。:Smilies29
我已经在内地工作的4年来，这是一个重大的改进，我能读中文。
但将永远无法写中文。
我将确保我的孩子学中文。:Smilies27

学生

只要功夫深铁棒磨成针 加油吧朋友··

寶寶媽咪

哈哈,可以同你讲广州话啦,,

trd328

原帖由 寶寶媽咪 于 2009-2-10 18:58 发表
哈哈,可以同你讲广州话啦,,

可以讲白话:Smilies54

春,寂寞

没精力看下去，一有英文，莪头就痛。:Smilies18

萨摩丶仔仔

楼主很用心，谢谢分享，加油！