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老外对工作犬性格的定义(转帖)

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发表于 2013-10-10 23:31:18 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

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The Components of Strong Working Dog Temperament

Dominick Donovan Copyright 1989

Introduction

There seems to be a very vague definition within our dog sport as to exactly what constitutes strong working dog temperament. Is it the dog who demonstrates incredible intensity in the holding? Is it the dog who, on the courage test, runs at the helper with great speed and strikes with tremendous power? Perhaps it is the dog who bites the helper with an extremely hard, crushing bite. We are of the opinion that all of these characteristics are important working dog attributes and can be of great value in assisting us towards achieving an excellent performance in the protection phase, but they are not necessarily all the critical components of a strong working dog. These are all examples of powerful instincts which are important and necessary components of working dog temperament.

PART I. The Instincts of the Strong Working Dog

The following is a list of important instincts of the strong working dog:

A. Prey Instinct (Booty)

B. Active Aggression

C. Reactive Aggression

D. Social Aggression

E. Pack Instinct

Let us examine each instinct more carefully.

A. Prey Instinct (Booty)

Prey instinct (booty) is the genetically inherited desire in the dog to chase after and seize moving objects. This is the instinct most often understood and easily read. Prey instinct is one of the two most critical instincts necessary for excellent Schutzhund protection work. It motivates a dog to strike the helper with speed and power, and affords us as trainers a form of stress relief in all areas of training (tracking, obedience, protection).

B. Active Aggression (Fighting Drive)

Active aggression is an offensive aggression commonly referred to as "fighting drive". It is the second critical instinct for excellent Schutzhund protection work. It is characterized by a dog which demonstrates explosive, rhythmic barking in the out and holding phase of the protection work. It enables the dog to be positively stimulated into the work by compulsion.

C. Reactive Aggression (Defense/Self-Preservation)

Reactive aggression is totally different from active aggression. It is not a critical instinct for Schutzhund training. It is characterized by a dog with a generally protective nature and is often linked to territoriality. Reactive aggression is commonly referred to as sharpness. It can act as a catalyst for the other protective drives (active aggression, booty, social aggression), and lends versatility for practical application for such jobs as police dog, personal protection dog, and/or guard duty.

However, reactive aggression must be delicately balanced in the dog's temperament because it is comprised greatly of both fight and flight instincts. Reactive aggression is only desirable if it is based on the fighting aspect with little or no trace of flight instinct being present.

D. Social Aggression

Social aggression is the dog's desire to establish pack hierarchy (alpha/leader). It is also another instinct which is not critical for Schutzhund protection training. However, it is an instinct which can give the dog an added strength because it is not reactive aggression (defense/self-preservation) and, therefore, it does not have the potential disadvantage of flight behavior. Since social aggression has no flight counterpart, the dog does not perform under the same level of stress as in reactive aggression.

Social aggression is characterized by a dog that demonstrates a deep grumbling bark. This type of dog also generally expresses itself in a very dominant manner. Social aggression is almost exclusively a male characteristic. It can be the determining factor in a protection dog successfully facing a life threatening situation (i.e., police dog, personal protection dog, military dog, etc.).

As breeders/trainers, we stress a mild level of social aggression because the potential drawback of an excessive level of social aggression is constant struggle for authority thereby hampering trainability.

E. Pack Instinct

Pack instinct is the genetically inherited trait in the dog to socially interact and closely bond to its pack members (i.e., handler, family). Pack instinct, although not critical for Schutzhund performance, is extremely advantageous, lending itself towards high trainability. When in combination with social aggression, the advantage of social aggression is utilized while still lending the dog to a high level of trainability.

Although highly important components of excellent performance temperament, the instincts described above are not the true determining factors for strong temperament. Parallel to the aesthetically beautiful house with attractive components such as a lovely landscape, excellent interior design, and modern conveniences, it is the inner core of the dog, much like the strong foundation on which the house is built, that give both the dog and the house their true strength and value.

PART II. The Inner Core of The Strong Working Dog

The core of the strong working dog consists of these elements:

A. The Nervous System

B. Hardness

C. Irritability Threshold (Defense Threshold)

We must consider each of these in turn in order to understand how they supply and maintain the essential foundation for strength in the working dog.

A. The Nervous System

The nervous system is one of the two most critical components in the core of a truly strong working dog. It is the dog's ability to generally accept all aspects of its environment without exhibiting signs of nervousness, fear, or flight.

The general characteristics of a dog with a poor nervous system include the dog that shows signs of nervousness when exposed to loud sounds (i.e., gunfire, thunderstorms, etc.), and/or the dog which shows nervousness or fear upon entering a strange environment (i.e., after shipping, at a strange training field, in a crowded room, etc.). By contrast, the dog with a sound nervous system will accept all such and any other changes in its environment without negative effect.

B. Hardness

Hardness is the dog's ability to recuperate from a disagreeable experience. Although the least critical of the three core traits, hardness is still a very desirable trait. Hardness allows the trainer to use the advantages of compulsion for precise competitive training without hindering the natural working spirit of the dog.

C. Irritability Threshold (Defense Threshold)

The irritability threshold is the amount of psychological stress (not physical stress) the dog can withstand while in the state of reactive aggression (defense) before exhibiting signs of conflict or flight behavior.

Conflict is the crossover stage between fight and flight behavior. The ordinary signs of conflict include:

Raising of hackles
Low tail carriage
Obvious high pitch tone of bark indicating stress
Any signs of withdrawal or retreat on the part of the dog
Irritability threshold is the most critical and least understood aspects of the dog's temperament. It is very difficult to evaluate a dog's threshold and normally it requires a skilled eye to make the correct evaluation. For a correct evaluation, the dog's reactive aggression (defense) must be completely isolated, that is, no other instincts may be allowed to come into action (i.e., active aggression, prey).

In order to correctly evaluate the irritability threshold, the following test must be performed in the very specific manner outlined.

PART III. The Test For Determining The Irritability Threshold In The Working Dog

The following steps should be taken to evaluate the dog's irritability threshold.

A. The dog shall be taken to an area totally unfamiliar to him. He should be tied to a sturdy object (tree, etc.) with a solid equipment that can withstand the dog's lunges and cause the dog no injury (i.e., chain, leather collar).

B. The dog shall be left alone in the test area for a minimum of fifteen minutes after which a strange helper shall test the dog in the following specific manner.

C. The helper shall wear no protective equipment as this would give false reading of the defense threshold because the dog's other instincts (i.e., active aggression, prey) have been conditioned upon the visual sighting of the equipment.

D. The helper shall walk slowly and directly towards the dog making and keeping direct eye contact with the dog. The object is to psychologically present a challenge to the dog without making any movements other than the direct frontal approach toward the dog. It is critical that the helper make no other movement (especially quick) of his arms or any other parts of his body since this would likely bring other instincts into drive. The helper must make no attacking or retreating gestures at all, but only proceed in a slow, steady approach directly towards the dog, keeping eye contact and ignoring the dog's behavior.

E. The object of the test is to evaluate the dog's determination in his defense instinct when it is not being reinforced. As the helper gets closer to the dog, he will probably notice some signs of conflict (stress) in the dog's behavior (i.e., raising hackles, high pitched bark, retreat).

F. The dog which shows little or no signs of conflict throughout the test during the helper's slow, deliberate approach is the dog with a strong threshold.

It should be remembered, however, that very few dogs show absolutely no signs of stress when a test of this nature is correctly applied. Most dogs fall somewhere between the ideal and terrible, and the helper must be careful never to push the dog completely into flight since this would be detrimental to training goals.

CONCLUSION

Overall, remember that instincts are a very important aspect of the dog's character, but only when supported by a strong inner core.

From our experience as breeders and trainers, we have painstakingly discovered that it is the deep inner core of the dog which holds the most genetic as well as training value.

If in breeding a compromise must be made (as often it must since there are few perfect dogs), far better that one should compromise on the instincts as opposed to the core of the dog. Like the house with an excellent foundation, it can be easily redecorated and made "like new", so too, the dog with an excellent core can be genetically enhanced by breeding to more highly instinct animals, provided they also have a good core, thereby producing versatile, all around strong working dogs.

Dominick is available for training and seminars and may be reached at 516-786-7762 or email at caninedom@aol.com
 楼主| 发表于 2013-10-10 23:31:33 | 显示全部楼层
工作性的組成

版權所有 ominick Donovan

介紹

關于強烈的工作性究竟由哪些構成似乎是非常模糊的概念.是咬口驚人?是在膽量測試里極速奔向助訓并且給予巨大的撞擊?也許是對助訓下口極重.我們的觀點是,這些表現都是非常重要并且對我們在護衛階段達成優異表現非常有價值的,但是它們不是構成強烈工作性的關鍵組成.以下是強烈本能的所有樣本,它們才是工作性的重要和必需構成.

第一部分. 強烈工作性的本能

以下是工作性的重要本能列表

A. 捕獵本能(戰利)
B. 活躍的攻擊性
C. 反應性的攻擊性
D. 社交的攻擊性
E. 族群本能

以下是詳細描述

A.捕獵本能
是來自遺傳的,追逐和捕獲移動目標的欲望.這種本能容易理解和察覺,是優秀的護衛工作的2種關鍵本能之一.它驅動犬以速度和力量攻擊助訓,并是我們訓練者在所有訓練領域(追蹤,服從,護衛)的壓力消除體制

B.活躍的攻擊性(戰斗驅動)
是主動的攻擊性,通常被稱為戰斗驅動.它是優秀的護衛工作的第二個關鍵本能.被犬表現為在出擊和保持階段的爆發性的和有節奏的吠叫.它使犬在積極刺激的狀態下工作.

C.反應性的攻擊(防御/自衛)
它與活躍攻擊性絕然不同,也不是護衛訓練的關鍵本能.被犬表現為一種普遍的保護本性,并且常常與領地聯系在一起.它通常被描述為犀利.它可以觸發其他護衛驅動(戰斗驅動,捕獵,社會化)并且在實踐應用中產生多種功能,比如警犬,私人護衛犬和/或警衛犬.
然而反應性的攻擊必須在狗的性格中保持微妙平衡,因為它主要由戰斗和戰斗本能組成.它僅在犬的戰斗本能較弱或者沒有的情況下才有必要.

D.社會的攻擊性
它是犬對建立等級制度(老大/領導)的需求.同樣也不是護衛訓練的關鍵本能.然而它是一種能給予犬額外力量的本能,因為它不是反應性的攻擊(防御/自衛),并且因此它沒有戰斗行為方面的潛在問題.因為社會性的攻擊沒有相應的作用對象,所以在與防御同等壓力下不會表現.
作為繁殖者/訓練者,我們希望社會攻擊性不明顯,因為極度的社會攻擊性會導致不斷爭奪權威,從而影響可訓度.

E. 族群本能
它是遺傳特性,使犬在其族群中互動,并且與其族群成員(即牽犬師,家庭)緊密聯系.族群本能盡管不是護衛訓練的關鍵,但是卻是一個極大的優勢,增加了犬的可訓度,尤其是與社會性攻擊的優勢結合起來,會使犬的可訓度到達高的等級.

盡管上述本能是優秀表現性的非常重要部分,但是它們不是強烈性格的真實決定因素.就像漂亮的房子盡管有諸如可愛的景觀,優秀的內部設計,現代化的設備這些吸引人的部分,但是犬的內在核心,就像房子的堅固地基,給予犬和房子真正的力量和價值.

(转自罗威宝贝的翻译)
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 楼主| 发表于 2013-10-10 23:32:02 | 显示全部楼层
第二部分. 強力工作犬的內在核心

核心包括以下元素:

A. 神經系統 B. 硬度 C. 興奮性閥值(防御閥值)

我們必須逐個考察這些來了解他們如何提供和保持工作犬力量的本質基礎.

A. 神經系統

神經系統是一只強力工作犬核心的2個最重要部分之一.它代表一只犬接受周遭環境所有方面的能力,不會表現出神經過敏,害怕或者打斗.

神經系統弱的犬包括它顯示出過敏狀態,當它遇到大的聲音(槍聲,雷聲等),和/或顯示出過敏或者害怕,當它進入一個陌生環境(運輸后,陌生訓練場地,擁擠的房間等等).相比之下,一只神經系統好的狗會接受所有環境里的這些和其他變化,而不會顯示出負面的反應.

B. 硬度

硬度是指犬從負面經歷復原的能力.雖然它是3個核心特征中最排后的一個,但仍然是個可取的特征.它允許訓練者使用一些強迫性的方式來完成精確的比賽性訓練而不會影響到犬的天生的工作精神.

C. 興奮閥值(防御閥值)

它指的是一只犬在反應性攻擊(防御)狀態下,在表現出矛盾或撤退跡象前,能承受的心理壓力(非物理性壓力)的量.

矛盾是指從戰斗到撤退行為的中間狀態,通常的表現為:

樹毛,低尾,顯示出壓力的明顯高音調吠聲,任何撤退或者退卻的跡象

興奮閥值是最關鍵,也是最難理解的一件事.評估一只犬的閥值非常困難,通常都是需要有經驗的人來做出正確評估.為了做出這種正確評估,犬的反應性攻擊(防御)必須完全分離的來做,也就是說,別的所有本能都不能觸動(比如活躍的攻擊,捕獵)

為了正確評估興奮閥值,以下測試必須按照下列提綱詳細的來做.

(转自罗威宝贝的翻译)
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 楼主| 发表于 2013-10-10 23:32:18 | 显示全部楼层
第三部分 檢驗工作犬興奮閥值的測試

以下步驟適用于評估犬的興奮閥值

A. 犬只應被帶至完全陌生的地方.應栓在穩固的物體上(比如樹),使用那些既能夠承受犬的前撲也不會傷害犬的設施(鏈子,皮脖圈等)
B. 犬應被單獨留在測試場地最少15分鐘之后陌生的助訓方可按以下方式測試犬
C. 助訓應不著護具,以免觸發犬的其他本能(如活躍的攻擊性,捕獵)導致誤認為是防御閥值
D. 助訓應慢慢直行向犬,并與犬保持直接的視線接觸.目的是對犬產生心理的挑戰,注意除了正面的靠近以外沒有別的動作.這個是非常嚴格的,手或者其他身體部位都不能有動作(尤其是快的動作),以免觸發犬的其他本能.助訓不得做出任何攻擊或者退卻的姿態,唯能緩慢堅定的向犬前進,保持對視并無視犬的行為.
E.測試的目標是在犬的護衛本能沒有被加強的時候評估它依靠防衛本能的決定.當助訓逐漸靠近犬只的時候,他可能會注意到一些矛盾(壓力)信號開始出現在犬的行為里(樹毛,高聲吠叫,退縮等)
F. 在整個助訓緩慢,不慌不忙的靠近過程中,犬只未出現或者幾乎未出現矛盾跡象的,這只犬就是非常高的閥值.

我們應該記住的一點是,只有非常非常少的犬只可以在正確測試的情況下幾乎不露任何矛盾(壓力)跡象.絕大部分的犬只都在理想和差勁之間.助訓一定要注意不要把犬只徹底驅向打斗,那會有害于訓練的目的.
(转自罗威宝贝的翻译)
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 楼主| 发表于 2013-10-10 23:32:33 | 显示全部楼层
最后章 結論

總而言之,請記住,本能是犬只性格的非常重要方面,但是只是在強大的內核支持的情況下.

以我們作為繁殖者和訓練者的經驗,我們很不容易的才發現,是犬的內核保存著大部分遺傳特性和訓練價值.

作為繁殖,必須做一個折中(因為很難有完美的犬),但遠比對那些本能和內核相反的犬做折中好.就像房子有優良基礎的,就可以很容易的重新裝修并且看起來就跟新的一樣.一樣的,犬只具備優良內核的,可以用繁殖來使它的遺傳提升更多更高的本能,假如他們有好的內核,因此可以生產出多用途的強力工作犬.

(转自罗威宝贝的翻译)
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发表于 2013-10-11 09:27:21 | 显示全部楼层
:wub: :wub: :wub:
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